What charge do clay particles predominantly have?

Clay particles predominantly have a negative charge due to the isomorphous substitution that occurs during their formation. In this process, certain cations within the crystal structure of clay minerals are replaced by cations of a lower valency, which leads to a charge imbalance. This negative charge is significant because it allows clay to attract and hold onto cations from the soil solution, playing a crucial role in soil fertility and the retention of nutrients. The ability of negatively charged clay particles to bind with positively charged ions such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium enhances their effectiveness in supporting plant growth. Understanding this characteristic is essential for effective soil management and improving agricultural practices.